Cancer screening: what to know and how to plan

Cancer screening catches disease earlier, when treatment is usually easier. But screening isn't one-size-fits-all. This guide explains the common tests, who usually gets them, how often, and simple tips to make the process smoother.

Who should get screened and common tests

Think of screening as a check-up for hidden cancer. For average-risk adults, common recommendations are:

- Colon cancer: Start screening at age 45. Options include annual stool tests (FIT), flexible sigmoidoscopy, or a colonoscopy every 10 years. If you have a family history or symptoms, talk to your doctor sooner.

- Cervical cancer: Begin Pap tests at 21. From 21–29, Pap every 3 years. From 30–65, either Pap plus HPV test every 5 years or Pap alone every 3 years.

- Breast cancer: Guidelines vary. Many groups suggest mammograms every 1–2 years starting between 40 and 50, then regularly through age 74. Personal risk (family history, genetics) changes timing—ask your provider.

- Lung cancer: If you are 50–80, have a 20 pack-year smoking history, and currently smoke or quit within the last 15 years, low-dose CT scans yearly may be offered.

- Prostate cancer (PSA): This is a shared decision for men aged about 55–69. Talk with your doctor about risks and benefits before testing.

How to prepare, what to expect, and common pitfalls

Preparation matters. For colonoscopy you'll follow a bowel prep and clear-liquid diet the day before. For mammograms, skip deodorant, powders, or lotions that can show up on the image. For Pap tests, avoid intercourse, douching, or using vaginal medicines 48 hours before the test.

Screening can lead to extra tests. A positive stool test often means a follow-up colonoscopy. Mammogram callbacks may require ultrasound or biopsy. These follow-ups are normal but can be stressful—ask your provider about timelines and next steps.

False positives and overdiagnosis are real. Sometimes screening finds slow-growing cancers that wouldn’t have caused trouble. That’s why talking about risks, benefits, and your values with your clinician matters.

Simple tips: keep a personal record of screening dates, bring prior reports if you change clinics, wear easy clothes for the exam, and ask about costs or insurance coverage up front. If you have symptoms—unexpected bleeding, a new lump, unexplained weight loss—don’t wait for routine screening. Get checked sooner.

If you’re unsure which tests you need, start by asking: What screening do I need now? Why this test? How often? What are the possible downsides? Those questions help you and your doctor pick the right plan for your life and health.